Depth of knowledge (DOK) is an integral concept in the world of education, particularly when it comes to assessing and enhancing student understanding. The term was popularized by
Norman L. Webb, a senior research scientist at the Wisconsin Center for Education Research, and it revolves around the complexity of cognitive demands required by a task. Understanding DOK is important as you plan instruction and assessments that truly measure students' understanding and ability to apply knowledge in varied contexts.
- Recall and Reproduction (DOK Level 1): This is like the beginner level. Here, you just need to remember facts, definitions or procedures. It's like being asked in a game to recall the name of a character or a simple rule. For example, "What's the capital of France?" You just say, "Paris," and you've passed this level!
- Skills and Concepts (DOK Level 2): Now, the game gets a bit more challenging. You need to understand why things happen or how to apply rules. It's like being asked in a game to use a tool you found to solve a puzzle. In school, a question at this level could be, "Why does it rain?" You explain how water evaporates, forms clouds, and then falls as rain.
- Strategic Thinking (DOK Level 3): This level is even more challenging. You need to think more and maybe solve problems that take a few steps. Imagine in a game where you're given a tricky maze. You need to use clues and your skills to find the way out. In class, you might get a question like, "If you had $100, how would you budget it for a week?" You need to plan and explain your reasoning.
- Extended Thinking (DOK Level 4): This is the highest level, like the boss level in a game. You need to be creative, think of new ideas, and maybe work on a project over time. In a video game, this could be like designing your own level or story. At school, a question might be, "Create a science project that shows how plants grow." You need to research, plan, experiment, and then present your findings.
Each level of DOK asks you to use your brain in different ways. As you go up the levels, you're not just remembering things; you're understanding them, applying them, and even creating new things with your knowledge.
- Enhanced Instructional Quality: Understanding DOK allows you to create more effective instructional materials that challenge students appropriately and encourage deeper understanding.
- Better Assessment Design: DOK helps in designing assessments that truly measure a student's understanding, not just their ability to recall facts.
- Differentiated Instruction: By understanding the various DOK levels, you can tailor their instruction to meet the diverse needs of their students.
- Promotes Higher Order Thinking: DOK engages students in higher-order thinking, pushing them beyond mere recall and helping them to develop critical thinking skills.
- Identify the DOK Level of Learning Activities: Start by identifying the DOK level of the activities you're planning. This ensures that a variety of cognitive demands are being addressed in your instruction.
- Create Balanced Assessments: Assessments should include a mix of questions from different DOK levels to get a comprehensive understanding of student learning.
- Use DOK to Guide Questioning: Use DOK levels to formulate questions that prompt students to think at higher levels.
- Encourage Reflection and Metacognition: Have students reflect on their learning processes and the complexity of their thinking. This encourages self-awareness in their learning journey.
Depth of Knowledge is a practical tool that can transform your teaching and your students' learning. It helps you think about the complexity of what you teach and how you assess, ensuring that your students are thinking deeply. As
Karin Hess notes, the goal is to challenge students' thinking in novel and intriguing ways, fostering a richer, more comprehensive learning experience.
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